Which of the following states recently notified rules under the Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 (PESA), nearly 25 years after its formation?

Jharkhand notified rules under the Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 (PESA), 25 years after attaining statehood.

PESA aims to extend grassroots self-governance to Fifth Schedule Areas.

Jharkhand is among the last Fifth Schedule states to implement PESA rules.

PESA rules apply fully in 13 out of 24 districts of Jharkhand.

Partial PESA implementation covers Palamu, Garhwa and Godda districts.

Scheduled Tribes constitute 26.3% of Jharkhand’s population as per Census 2011.

Over half of Jharkhand’s tribal population lives in more than 12,000 villages.

Gram Sabha is declared the supreme institution in Scheduled Areas under PESA rules.

Gram Sabha president is selected according to customary practices.

Gram Sabhas are empowered to manage community resources including minor minerals.

Gram Sabhas can manage water bodies and resolve local disputes.

Gram Sabhas can impose fines up to ₹2,000 under the notified rules.

District administration controls recognition and boundary notification of Gram Sabhas.

PESA provisions have triggered constitutional and political debate in Jharkhand.

Jharkhand formally recognises traditional systems like Manki-Munda and Majhi-Pargana.

PESA applies to Fifth Schedule Areas under Article 244 of the Constitution.

Jharkhand has 28 Scheduled Tribe reserved seats in its 81-member Assembly.

Jharkhand holds nearly 40% of India’s mineral resources.